Mark Dvoretsky The Inst12, A Collection of Chess Books

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The Instructor
Tragicomedies in Pawn Endgames
“Pawn endgames are rare birds in practice. Players avoid them, because they
do not like them, because they do not understand them. It’s certainly no secret
that pawn endings are
‘terra incognita’
- even for many masters, right up to the
level of grandmasters and world champions.” N. Grigoriev
The
Instructor
Mark Dvoretsky
Herewith, I offer proof that these words, spoken by a famous expert on pawn
endings, are true. Without commentary, I give below the final moves of some
actual games, and offer the readers the chance to comment on them, to uncover
all the mistakes committed by both players. The endgames you will be dealing
with here are not all that difficult; but still, the players on both sides have
provided you with plenty of opportunities for critical commentary.
1...Kf8 2. Qf5+ Qxf5 3. gf Kg7 4. c4
f3 5. h6+ Kxh6 6. c5 dc 7. f6 Kg6
White resigned.
1...g5 2. Kf3 Kd5 3. c6 Kd6 4. Ke4 a6
5. ba Kxc6 6. Kf3 Kb6 7. h4 gh 8. Kg4
Kxa6 9. Kxh4 Kb6 10. Kg4 Kc6 11. h4
Kd6. White resigned.
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      The Instructor
1. Kh7 Kf7 2. Kh8 Kf8 3. g5. Black
resigned.
1. Kg5 Kf8 2. Kxf5 Kf7 3. Kg4 Kf6 4.
Kf4 Kf7 5. Kf5 Ke7 6. Ke5 Kf7 7. Kd6
Kf6 8. Kd7 Kf7 9. h6 Kg6 10. f4 Kf7
11. f5 Kf6 Drawn
Gazic - Petursson
European Junior Championship, Groningen 1978/79
The draw is obvious after 1...Kh8! Black
mistakenly allowed the trade of
queens.
1...Kf8?? 2. Qf5+! Qxf5 3. gf Kg7 4.
c4
White ought to win this, with a powerful
pawn break
at his disposal. Nevertheless,
it was simpler to play 4. Kg4 Kh6
(4...Kf6 5. h6+-) 5. c4 f3 (or 5...Kg7 6.
Kf3 - zugzwang) 6. Kxf3 Kxh5 7. f6 (7.
Kg3 is also good) 7...Kg6 (7...ef 8.
c5+-) 8. fe Kf7 9. Kg4 Kxe7 10.
Kxg5+-.
4...f3 5. h6+??
In response, a blunder: White’s in too much of a hurry with his pawn break.
He would win after 5. Kg3 g4 6. Kf2! (Black’s in zugzwang) 6...Kh6
(6...Kf6 7. h6) 7. c5 (or 7. f6 ef 8. c5) 7...dc 8. f6 ef 9. d6.
5...Kxh6 6. c5 dc 7. f6 Kg6!
White resigned.
2.
Sulypa - Grischak
Lvov, 1995
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The Instructor
1...g5??
This move does not improve, but rather
significantly worsens, Black’s position,
by giving his opponent the opportunity to
exchange a pair of kingside pawns, and
to create a passed h-pawn.
Black can win by
undermining
the
enemy queenside pawns.
1...Kd7! 2. Kf3 Kc7 (2...Ke7 3. Ke4
Ke6 4. Kf3 Kd5 5. c6 Kd6 6. Ke4 a6-+
is also good; or 4. h4 Kd7! 5. Kf3 Ke7
6. Ke4 Ke6, working the same triangulation maneuver again and again, until
his opponent runs out of pawn moves) 3. h4 Kc8 (but not 3...Kb7 4. Ke4
a6? at once, in view of 5. ba+ Kxa6 6. c6! Kb6 7. Kxe5 f3 8. Kd6 f2 9.
c7=) 4. Ke4 Kb7 5. h3 Kc8 6. Kf3 Kc7 7. Ke4 Kb7 (zugzwang) 8. Kf3
a6!-+.
2. Kf3??
A mistake in move order. After 2. h4! gh 3. Kf3 Kd5 4. c6 Kd6 5. Kg4 a6
6. ba Kxc6 7. Kxh4 Kb6 8. Kg4 Kxa6 9. h4, it’s White who wins.
2...Kd5 3. c6 Kd6??
3...e4+! 4. Kg4 Kd6-+ was necessary. It is curious that both players’ errors
on the 2nd and 3rd moves have not been discovered in any commentaries I
know of - for example, in Belyavsky and Mikhalchishin’s book,
Winning
Endgame Strategy
.
4. Ke4??
For the fourth time, the evaluation of the position changes by 180 degrees.
White would win by 4. h4! gh 5. Kg4.
4...a6 5. ba Kxc6 6. Kf3 Kb6 7. h4
(too late!)
7...gh 8. Kg4 Kxa6 9.
Kxh4 Kb6 10. Kg4 Kc6 11. h4 Kd6
White resigned
Horowitz - Denker
Philadelphia, 1936
M. Zinar, the well-known pawn-endgame
specialist, has shown that, from here on
in, every move by both players was
wrong, except the very last. His analysis
follows:
1) White should not have stuck his king
in the corner. The right plan for realizing
his advantage was that of
expanding the
base of operations.
This is what we call
the technique of exchanging pawns, in
order to secure a route for the king to the
opposite wing.
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The Instructor
1. g5! hg 2. Kxg5 Kf7 3. h5 Ke7 4. Kg6 Kf8 5. h6! Kg8! 6. Kh5! gh 7.
Kxh6 Kf7 8. Kh7 (White has the
opposition
) 8.. Kf6 9. Kg8 (
end run
)
9...Kg5 10. Kf7 Kf4 11. Ke6 Kxe4 12. Kxd6 Kf4 13. Kxc5 e4 14. d6 e3
15. d7 e2 16. d8Q e1Q 17. Qf6+, with an easily won queen endgame.
2) After
1. Kh7??
, Black attains the draw with 1...h5! (instead of
1...Kf7
?
)
2. g5 Kf7 3. Kh8 Kg6! 4. Kg8 - stalemate; or 2. gh Kf7 3. h6 g6! (since
Black now has the opposition, White’s end-run is no longer possible) 6. Kh8
Kf8=.
3)
2. Kh8?
lets the win slip once again. Nor does 2. g5? work this time,
because of 2...h5! 3. g6+ (3. Kh8 Kg6!) 3...Kf6 4. Kg8 Kxg6 5. Kf8 Kf6
6. Ke8 g5 7. hg+ Kxg5 10. Ke7 h4 11. Kxd6 h3 12. Kc7 h2 13. d6 h1Q
14. d7 Qh7 15. Kc8 Qh3=.
The proper move is 2. h5! Kf6 (we already know what happens on 2...Kf8
3. Kg6 Kg8 4. Kf5 Kf7 5. g5 hg 6. Kxg5) 3. Kg8 g6 (3...g5 4. Kh7) 4.
Kf8! gh 5. gh Kg5 6. Ke7 Kxh5 7. Kxd6 Kg4 8. Kxe5+-.
4) The king’s retreat by
2...Kf8??
was the final blunder. A draw results from
2...h5! 3. g5 Kg6! or 3. gh Kf8 4. h6 g6!
Azmaiparashvili - Eolian
USSR, 1979
One cannot penetrate the secrets of this
endgame without knowing about the
position that arises after 1. Kxf5! Kf7 2.
f4 Ke7 3. Ke5 (zugzwang) 3...Kf7! As
Maizelis demonstrated in 1955, White
wins here with an unexpected endrun: 4.
Kd6!! Kf6 5. h6! (zugzwang). For
example, 5...Kf5 6. Ke7 Kxf4 7. Kf6!+-
(
shoulder-block
); or 5...Kg6 6. Ke6 (or
e7) Kxh6 7. f5+-; or 5...Kf7 6. Kd7!
Kf6 (6...Kf8 7. Ke6 Ke8 8. Kf6 Kf8 9.
f5 Kg8 10. Ke7+-) 7. Ke8 Ke6 8. Kf8
Kf6 9. Kg8 Kg6 10. f5+ Kf6 11. Kxh7
Kf7 12. f6+-.
The position reached after 3. Ke5 is not just zugzwang, but a mutual
zugzwang - that is, if White were on move, then there would be no win. 4.
h6 Kf7 5. Kd6 Kf6! 6. Kd7 Kf7! would be useless, as Black would control
the opposition. And after 4. f5, then 5...Kf7 6. f6 Ke8! (the king must
choose its retreat square, depending on the position of the White h-pawn:
with the pawn at h4, he must play 6...Kf8!. It is only with the pawn at h2 that
this position would be won for White, since he would have the choice of
advancing his h-pawn either one or two squares.) 7. Ke6 Kf8 8. f7 h6=.
Thus armed with knowledge of Maizelis’ position (which in fact was seen
earlier, in a 1949 study by Valles), we can proceed to examine the ending
between these two young players.
1. Kg5?? Kf8 2. Kxf5 Kf7??
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The Instructor
Black draws with 2...Ke7! 3. f4 Kf7, reaching the Maizelis position with
White to move.
3. Kg4??
The comedy of errors continues! Of course, 3. f4 or 3. Ke5 was correct.
3...Kf6 4. Kf4 Kf7??
Once again, instead of the saving move (4...Ke6! 5. Kg5 Kf7=), Black
makes a losing one.
5. Kf5??
And again White misses his opportunity: 5. Ke5! Ke7 6. f4, and Black is in
zugzwang.
5...Ke7 6. Ke5 Kf7 7. Kd6 Kf6 8. Kd7 Kf7!
Near the finish, Black defends accurately. 8...Kg5? would be a mistake, in
view of 9. Ke6+-.
9. h6
(9. f4 Kf6 10. Ke8 Kf5
11. Kf7 Kxf4 12. Kg7 Kf5 13. Kxh7 Kf6=)
9...Kg6! 10. f4
(10. Ke6 Kxh6 11. f4 Kg7 12. Ke7 Kg6!=)
10. ...Kf7!
(of
course not 10...Kxh6? 11. f5+- - but now, White’s in zugzwang)
11. f5 Kf6
Draw.
This example demonstrates how both players’ moves can sometimes seem
senseless, when they are unacquainted with the ideas of the position.
In conclusion, I would like to show my readers a rather recently played
endgame which gave me a great deal of pleasure. True, both players
operated on about the same level as the players in our preceding examples;
but the solution demonstrated by F. Lindgren in
Chess Informant
is
instructive and quite pretty.
Laveryd - Wikstrom
Umea, 1997
Black to move
What should be this game’s proper
outcome? On the queenside, the position
is one of mutual zugzwang: it looks as
though whichever side runs out of pawn
moves first will lose (and we would
expect that to be Black). So the correct
answer - that the position is drawn -
appears paradoxical.
The first question is: How does Black
avoid immediate loss, since 1...f6? (or
1...f5) is completely hopeless, due to 2.
ef gf 3. g4!
1...h5!
It turns out that the natural 2. h4? would not place Black in zugzwang, but
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